Nullity of a Company in English Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Nullity of a Company in English Law - Case Study Example The essay will then discuss whether such concept is used in English Law as illustrated through cases. Lastly, the essay will then assess, based on the use or lack of usage of the concept of nullity on English Law whether there is a need for such concept. Nullity is a concept that renders an entity, in this case a company, insignificant and non-existent, such that any act made by or in behalf of that company will be rendered invalid as well. This declaration, as recognised by the First Council Directive 68/151/EEC ('First Directive'), is imperative to protect the company in question and their shareholders, as well as third parties that transact with them because of the possible retroactive effect it will have on these parties' actions. Hence, as called for by the First Directive, countries must limit the cases of nullity to decisions by a court of law, and on the grounds that (a) that no instrument of constitution was executed or that the rules of preventive control or the requisite legal formalities were not complied with; (b) that the objects of the company are unlawful or contrary to public policy; (c) that the instrument of constitution or the statutes do not state the name of the... al to be paid up; (e) the incapacity of all the founder members; (f) that, contrary to the national law governing the company, the number of founder members is less than two.1 In this sense, the concept of nullity of a company, as proposed by the First Directive, has a two-fold objective: it is meant to protect companies from trivial and unlawful declarations of nullity, which can be to the detriment of its operations by limiting the grounds for declaring it; and it is meant to protect a company's creditors, as well as the public, by preventing transactions for unlawful and fraudulent acts of unregistered or unlawfully registered companies. Thus, the effect of such declaration is a crucial aspect of company law because companies, as an artificial legal entity, have legal rights and obligations, which will be rendered null and void upon declaration of nullity. The status of companies as a legal entity is embodied in the company's corporate personality, which as stated in Salomon v. Salomon & Co (1897), a company in compliance with regulations of the Companies Acts are distinct legal entities, capable of incurring debts, limiting the liability of its members to the amount invested as prescribed by the companies Act.2 Thus, by virtue of its corporate personality, a company's shareholders and members, as a consequence, have limited liabilities. In addition, a company's corporate personality also accords to it the capacity to enter into legal contractual relations with other persons.3 However, while companies have limited liabilities to its shareholders, its shareholders are also limited in their ownership, such that they do not have ownership of the company's assets, as well.4 In this regard, it is important to note that not all companies have limited liability. As

Why Are Some People Socially Excluded Essay Example for Free

Why Are Some People Socially Excluded Essay Why are some people socially excluded? Are they excluded by society or their own behaviour? In this essay I will aim to discuss why some people are socially excluded and whether their social exclusion is as a result of individual behaviour or a consequence of the forces of society that are ultimately beyond the control of the individual. There is much difficulty when trying to understand as well as explain the term/ idea that is Social exclusion, as writers/institutions have varying degrees (and at times conflicting ideas) of what â€Å"social exclusion† is, who it includes or rather excludes and why some people become socially excluded from the wider society, whether it be through levels of human agency, the impact of institutions and or changes in legislation. Barry (2002) â€Å"SOCIAL EXCLUSION† as working definition is comparatively agree as Individual that are unable to participate or have full involvement in â€Å"key activities† of the societies in which they belong or are a part of. Legrand, Piachaud, Burckhardt (2002). There can be a multitude of differing factors involved leading to an individual or group being excluded from society, however there are many key social problems that have a direct impact on how â€Å"social exclusion† is affected by a large majority individuals/groups. A good example of a key issue is Inequality. Giddens (2006). Inequality affects individuals, in short, by way of differences ,such as Income, Health, Education, Housing, Disability, ‘Race’ and Ethnicity, Gender (and roles), Age Etc Fulcher and Scott (2011). Which essentially in itself (though interrelated), socially excludes/ isolates these groups from one another Le Grand et al (2002). Now although, â€Å"social Exclusion† is not restricted to the confines of any one particular Sub -issue mentioned (though encapsulates them all to some degree), it would be a modest assertion to agree that any individual/group affected by any of these inequalities will undoubtedly be socially excluded of full involvement from â€Å"key activities† of the wider society Le Grand et al (2002). An example of this exclusion could be a person/ group that lived on a deteriorating council estate with low achieving schools and minimal employment opportunities within that their area, could potentially be less able to ‘participate’ in activities which would achieve self betterment Giddens (2006) , say that of an individual/group living in a in which they own, in  an area with reputable schools and jobs are aplenty. This highlights Social exclusion for the former in terms of housing, education, employment as well as income. Though there are numerous examples of how inequality can have a huge impact on individuals’/groups being socially excluded through decision(s) made by forces beyond their control, this in itself can only account for a particular group experiencing Social exclusion and gives no justification for the wider society and how other individual/groups experience social exclusion. Fulcher and Scott(2011). So when considering the many dimensions of Social Exclusion as a concept of â€Å"someone or something being excluded . it raises the question of personal responsibility† Personal responsibility or human agency is the way in which social exclusion is not experienced by forces beyond the control of the individual , but in fact a personal choice not to participate with the activities of wider society, thus excluding themselves from society by their own behaviour Giddens ( 2006). Using the previous example of inequality, â€Å"an individual could choose to turn down a good job to become economically active or abstain from voting in political elections† Giddens(2006 p.356). Though this is an example the that focuses on inequality, social exclusion is a much broader concept than just that, and between sociologist there is much debate on how much agency really does go into social exclusion as a personal autonomy Barry(200), when comparing it to other groups that do chose to isolate themselves from the wider society , for instance , affluent individuals groups that choose private health care over the NHS or private schools as opposed to public schools, it is fair to suggest that there is indeed a level of personal responsibility Fulcher and Scott (2011)

Airtel Pest Analysis and Porters Five Forces

Airtel Pest Analysis and Porters Five Forces AIRTEL PEST Analysis Political The ministry of telecom industry hiked FDI limits from 49% to 74% which enabled Indian promoters of telecom sector to spark off the competition and consolidation by selling their stakes to foreign entities. Airtel already have tie up with foreign partner SINTEL which is going to help in investing more in infrastructure and latest technology to provide the best services to their subscribers. Also due to this increase in foreign direct investment in telecommunication market, Airtel will be able to modulate the foreign stakes in their companies that have already acquired a range between 67-69 percent of their assets. With the increase in globalisation and tremendous growth of Indian telecommunication sector, Airtel launched its mobile services in Srilanka in Jan 2009 and investing to expand its network with latest technology in next five years. Recently Airtel have also acquired Zain for Africa operations which is the second biggest overseas purchase by an Indian company. Economical In telecom budget 2008, raw material for the manufacture of specified electronic hardware items have been exempted from excise duty which lowers the network equipment costs to benefit major mobile services provider, so Airtel can expand their network coverage to more rural areas at much cheaper cost. During the recession period Government policy to reduce the custom duty on convergence product from 10% to 5% helped in establishing parity devices used in communication sector, so this will help Airtel in lowering their cost for DTH expansion. Government has announced per second billing tariff for the subscriber along with the per minute billing plan. Though the per second plan is not beneficial for the telecom operators as this could reduce the sectors annual revenue by 10-15%.Operators are already struggling with the low Average Revenue Per user (ARPUs) due to high taxes (30 % of the gross revenue earned by the operators goes as various taxes) levied by government will now struggle more with this new plan. To overcome this situation Airtel has launched low tariff per minute plans along with per second plan. As majority of the subscribers make longer duration calls and the per second call could be detrimental for them with the new reduced per minute plan. Airtel could also launch pay per character for SMS services to increase the VAS revenue. Social Government has hiked FDI limits which would lead to better infrastructure in telecom due to intake of more investment by the foreign investors. As 70% of Indian population still resides in rural areas, improvement in telecommunication infrastructure and services will reduce isolation, increase business viability, farming productivity and access to educational and medical services. Airtel has already announced to set up 100000 service centres and telecom infrastructure in rural India by march 2010. Rollout of national rural employment scheme to all 596 districts in India with a provision of Rs.160 billion, to aid faster penetration of mobiles and consequently faster growth of Airtel as they hold major Indian telecom market with 24% growth at the end of 31st March 2009. Government has announced the auction for 3G and BWA spectrum and Airtel is one of the qualified bidders for the same and Airtel has already signed a deal with Ericsson to upgrade their network for 3G. It will help Airtel to undertake social initiatives of the government such as e-education, tele medicine, and e-health and e- governance, providing affordable broadband and mobile services to sub urban and rural areas.   As demand for the value added services and high speed broadband is increasing among the youth. Airtel being the leading private broad band service provider in the country has introduced the ultra fast speed of 50 Mbps for the broadband users on next generation VDSL2 technology which will allow users, the convenience to download a full feature film in less than 3 minutes. Along with it is providing free value add services like parallel ringing, website builder (Basic), PC secure (Anti-Virus software), online storage, unlimited gaming on games on demand. Increasing competition with the entry of many new operators in the telecom industry has forced in reduction of tariffs. So consumers get more options and can change their network operator according to their need. In this Airtel has introduced many low tariff plans like youth Plan for young people, ladies special, and friends prepaid plan, family celebration plan according to the requirements of the different customer segments. Segmentation strategy aims towards understanding the need gaps of specific consumer segments and creating special segmented products for them. Technological Increase in FDI limits also benefited inflow of latest technology with improved infrastructure, as AIRTEL is well established with better infrastructure so it can provide better services to its customers in urban and can expand its network in more rural areas. Introduction of Mobile Number Portability (MNP) which allows the consumer to retain their existing mobile number, even when they change the service provider. This will increase the competition among the service providers as the subscribers can change their network if they are not happy with the services of the existing service provider. Airtel has the edge over his competitors as their services are much better than other service providers.   Government has announced the auction for 3G and BWA spectrum which will allow telecom companies to offer additional valued services like high resolution video and multimedia services with high data rate transmission capabilities. Airtel has already qualified to bid for the auction. Also Airtel has signed a 1.3 billion deal with Ericsson to expand and upgrade its network for 3G services in 15 of Indias 22 telecom circles. Porters 5 Forces Analysis Threat from competition High Fixed Cost: The industry also suffers from high fixed cost which makes the entry barrier also very high for the industry. It comes as no surprise that in the capital-intensive telecom industry the biggest barrier to entry is access to finance. To cover high fixed costs, serious contenders typically require a lot of cash. When capital markets are generous, the threat of competitive entrants escalates. When financing opportunities are less readily available, the pace of entry slows. Meanwhile, ownership of a telecom license can represent a huge barrier to entry. There is already 6-7 players in each region excluding 3 -4 big players like Bharti Airtel, reliance, Vodafone and BSNL. Very less time to gain advantage by an innovation: Every company in this industrial sector in investing a huge amount in research and development and marketing strategy. That is why we see when any offer launched by any company is always counter attacked by other companies very soon. This makes the industry rivalry most prominent. E.g. Caller tunes, Life time cards. Price wars:  The price war is really very fierce in this industry. Price war in telecom industry has commoditized the market that branding has taken a backseat. New players are reducing their tariffs to get better hold in the market and in turn the existing big players like Airtel, reliance etc. also have to compete by introducing low tariff new plans such as youth plan for younger generation, ladies special etc. Threat of New Entrant Both potential and existing competitors influence average industry profitability. The threat of new entrants is usually based on the market entry barriers. They can take diverse forms and are used to prevent an influx of firms into an industry whenever profits, adjusted for the cost of capital, rise above zero. In contrast, entry barriers exist whenever it is difficult or not economically feasible for an outsider to replicate the incumbents position. The most common forms of entry barriers, except intrinsic physical or legal obstacles, are as follows: Economies of scale: In telecom industry the economies of scale exists from the supplier side. That is why companies try to increase their subscriber base at drastic rate. Distribution channels: Distribution channels are also providing a major determining factor. These channels are not loyal to any company and competitors can easily access them and make out work for them. Though huge licence fee to be paid upfront and high gestation period reduces the threat of new entrant and discourages investment and infrastructure in the telecom sector. Limited Spectrum availability, Regulatory issue which again leads to high licence fee also restrict new players from entering into the market. Rapidly changing technology and setup the efficient Infrastructure for the same accordingly is also the major factor which stops new player to enter into the telecom sector. New entrants are ready to enter huge capital considering the attractiveness of the market. Increase in FDI limits to 74% is bringing competition from foreign players. Huge investments are being made by the foreign companies to setup better infrastructure and getting latest technology into the country. Threat from the non telecom background brand which could foray into the telecom industry by the ease of outsoucing. Customer switching cost is very low, as cost of new connection is really low. And new connection offers more benefits to the customers Threat of substitute The threat that substitute products pose to an industrys profitability depends on the relative price-to-performance ratios of the different types of products or services to which customers can turn to satisfy the same basic need. The threat of substitution is also affected by switching costs that is, the costs in areas such as retraining, retooling and redesigning that are incurred when a customer switches to a different type of product or service. It also involves: The potential major substitutes for telecom industry are as follows: Products and services from non-traditional telecom industries pose serioussubstitution threats. Cable TV and satellite operators now compete for buyers. The cable guys, with their own direct lines into homes, offer broadband internet services, and satellite links can substitute for high-speed business networking needs. Wireless phones are also getting cheaper each year over the last decade; this has provided consumers with more convenience and mobility, to the extent that the younger demographic now considers a fixed line phone redundant. Just as worrying for telecom operators is the internet: VOIP i.e voice over ip telephony is becoming a viable vehicle for cut-rate voice calls. Delivered by ISPs not telecom operators internet telephony could take a big bite out of telecom companies core voice revenues. Applications like Skype have been extremely popular among younger generation users and are fast emerging as preferred means of communication. BUYERS POWER Buyer power is one of forces that influence the appropriation of the value created by an industry. The most important determinants of buyer power are the size and the concentration of customers. Other factors are the extent to which the buyers are informed and the concentration or differentiation of the competitors. Kippenberger (1998) states that it is often useful to distinguish potential buyer power from the buyers willingness or incentive to use that power, willingness that derives mainly from the â€Å"risk of failure† associated with a products use The following points influence the buyer power: Lack of differentiation among the service provider: As telephone and data services does not vary much regardless of which companies are selling them. Cut throat competition: Competition level has increased a lot with increase in new foreign as well as domestic players in the industry. Operators are engaging in an intense price war which is benefitting to the buyers in every way. Customer is price sensitive: Every operator is offering low tariffs with better services due to high level of competition among the operators which has made customer more sensitive to price. Low switching costs from one operator to other operator. The consumer now has access to several means of communication like email, instant messaging which are diminishing the importance voice services Attractive Schemes for new connections. Availability of all operators everywhere. SUPPLIER POWER Supplier power is a mirror image of the buyer power. As a result, the analysis of supplier power typically focuses first on the relative size and concentration of suppliers relative to industry participants and second on the degree of differentiation in the inputs supplied. The ability to charge customers different prices in line with differences in the value created for each of those buyers usually indicates that the market is characterized by high supplier power and at the same time by low buyer power. In the drawback of Indian telecom industry the following should be kept in mind: Large number of suppliers: The industry basically has a large number of suppliers, which helps them to choose from a lot of options. So they try to select the best option to deliver the value to the customers and to have a competitive advantage from their competitor. Shared tower infrastructure: Technology has helped them to share the tower infrastructure. This basically helps them to reduce the initial investment a lot. Limited pool of skilled managers and engineers especially those well versed in the latest technologies which put companies into weaker side in terms of hiring and salaries. Medium cost of switching since changing their hardware would lead to additional cost in modifying the architecture.

Shakespeares Sonnet 116 :: William Shakespeare

LET ME NOT TO THE MARRIAGE OF TRUE MINDS By: William Shakespeare Let me not to the marriage of true minds (Sonnet 116) by William Shakespeare is about love in its most ideal form. It is praising the glories of lovers who have come to each other freely, and enter into a relationship based on trust and understanding. "Let me not" the poem begins in the imperative mood. Its action is semantic and aims to delineate the allowable parameters of love and its goal appears to be air-tightness. The love I have in mind could be like a seamark or navigational guide to sailors, it is a north star. Like that star, it exceeds all narrow comprehension. Its height alone is sufficient to guide us. The poem's ideal is unwavering faith, and it purports to perform its own ideal. Odd then, isn't it, how much of the argument proceeds by means of negation: "let me not," "love is not," "O no," and so forth. Perhaps the poet is less confident than he appears to be. The first four lines reveal the poet's pleasure in love that is constant and strong. ?Which alter when it alteration finds." The following lines proclaim that true love is indeed an "ever fixed mark" which will survive any crisis. In lines 7-8, the poet claims that we may be able to measure love to some degree, but this does not mean we fully understand it. Love's actual worth cannot be known it remains a mystery. The remaining lines of the third quatrain (9-12), reaffirm the perfect nature of love that is unshakeable throughout time and remains so "even to the edge of doom", or death. In the final couplet, the poet declares that, if he is mistaken about the constant, unmovable nature of perfect love, then he must take back all his writings on love, truth, and faith. Moreover, he adds that, if he has in fact judged love inappropriately, no man has ever really loved, in the ideal sense that the poet professes. In the sonnet, the chief pause in sense is after the twelfth line. Seventy-five per cent of the words are monosyllables. Only three contain more syllables than two, none belong in any degree to the vocabulary of 'poetic' diction. There is nothing to remark about the rhyming except the happy blending of open and closed vowels, and nothing to say about the harmony except to point out how the fluttering accents in the quatrains give place in the couplet to the emphatic march of the almost unrelieved iambic feet.

Civil Liberties, Habeas Corpus, and the War on Terror Essay

Civil liberties, Habeas Corpus, and the War on Terror have been the forefront of Congress since 2001 with the terrorist attack against The United States. Although there have been many attacks before, none have hit the American people in such a manner to question whether our civil liberties are at stake. As a member of the Armed Forces I swore to support and defend the constitution of the United States against all enemies both foreign and domestic at all cost. A sense of pride, loyalty and commitment engulfs me when I hear the words for equal justice and liberty for all when it comes to erving my country that practices and honors American citizen’s civil liberties. Unfortunately, the liberties that most Americans take for granted; are the same liberties that other people from different realms of the world come to obtain. The War on Terror would impact lives deeply from this point on and the civil liberties of every American citizen and noncitizen would change the history of what we were founded on. Former President George W. Bush and his administration set out to capture those thought to be responsible for the terrorist attacks on American soil. In addition Former President Bush and his administration went to great lengths to go beyond the reach of the judicial system which enforces the writ of Habeas Corpus. These actions have been highly debated across the nation. Habeas Corpus original meaning can be best defined as a demand by the courts to which a government agency produces a prisoner and demonstrates that they have the proper grounds in which to hold them. â€Å"It is the process by which Common Law countries ensure the second freedom mentioned in the U. S. Declaration of Independence Liberty and the right not to be imprisoned arbitrarily in its most fundamental form† (MacMillan, K, 2010). Habeas Corpus was written into the first article of the constitution reading as such: â€Å"The privilege of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require it. No bill of attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed. â€Å"(Article 1, Section 9, U. S. Constitution). Furthermore, the Habeas Corpus in the U. S. Constitution guarantees the people the right to require the government to justify detaining or imprisoning, the right not to be outlawed without fair trial, freedom from laws passed after fact. So the questions to ponder about re: Did the tragedy of September 11th, justify the actions of the Former President? Is it fair that prisoners were and still are locked away, and stripped of their basic rights under the writ of Habeas Corpus? And is the â€Å"Land of the Free and the Home of the Brave† such a great nation, that is so powerful that the laws that were put in place to protect civil freedoms and liberties, do not apply to us? Jonathan Turley, professor of constitutional law at George Washington University stated, â€Å"What, really, a time of shame this is for the American system. What the Congress did and what he president signed today essentially revokes over 200 years of American principles and values. † I agree whole heartedly about this comment. The President’s decision to deny the detainees Prisoner of War (POW) status remains a point of conflict, especially overseas with some arguing that it is based on an inaccurate interpretation of the Geneva Convention for the Treatment of Prisoners of War, which the assert requires that all combatants captured on the battlefield are entitled to be treated as POWs until an independent tribunal has determined otherwise. One notable date in military history is on October 17, 2006, when President Bush igned a law suspending the right of habeas corpus to persons â€Å"determined by the United States† to be an â€Å"enemy combatant† in the Global War on Terror. President Bush’s action drew severe criticism, mainly for the law’s failure to specifically designate who in the United States will determine who is and who is not an enemy combatant. This however was not the first time in the history of the U. S. Constitution that it’s guaranteed right to Ha beas Corpus has been suspended by an action of the President of the United States. In earlier years of the U. S. Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln suspended writs of habeas corpus. Both presidents based their action on the dangers of war, and both presidents faced sharp criticism for carrying out what many believed to be an attack on the Constitution. President Bush suspended writs of habeas corpus through his support and signed into law the Military Commissions Act of 2006. This bill granted the President of the United States almost unlimited authority in establishing and conducting military commissions to try persons held by the U. S. in the Global War on Terrorism. In addition, the Act suspends the right of â€Å"unlawful enemy combatants† to present, or to have presented in heir behalf, writs of habeas corpus. â€Å"Members of volunteer corps, militias, and organized resistance forces that are not part of the Armed Forces are entitled to POW status if they meet the criteria specified in the treaty. Groups that do not meet the standards are not entitled to POW status, and their members who commit aggressive acts may be treated as civilians under the Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War†( Terrorism, the Laws of War, and the Constitution Policy Archive ). These â€Å"unlawful combatants† are not afforded immunity for their ostile acts. [A petitioner must be treated as a prisoner of war until a competent tribunal has decided otherwise, and that a military commission may not proceed with their trial. Although 250 detainees (including three children under the age of 16), 13 have been released from the detention facilities at the U. S. Naval Station in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, and some detainees are being rewarded for cooperation with better living conditions while the status and treatment of detainees who remain in custody continue to be a source of contention] (â€Å"Enemy Combatants† Journal, Wuerth). Although the President has inherent power under the Commander-in-Chief Clause Article II to take measures he deems appropriate during wartime, he uses The law of war principle. President Bush as well as past presidents having been using this to detain, convict or, â€Å"(We understand Congress’ grant of authority for the use of ‘necessary and appropriate force’ to include the authority to detain for the duration of the relevant conflict, and our understanding is based on longstanding law of war principles. â€Å"); id. at 548-49 (Souter, J. ) Combat Status Review Tribunals (CSRT), which were established by the Defense Department, were put into place for the sole purpose of hearing the cases of the detainees. However, there are many flaws in having such a system determine the legality of one’s detention. The Supreme Court recognizes that the CSRT process for hearing cases puts many â€Å"constraints upon the detainee’s ability to rebut the factual basis for the Government’s assertion that he is an enemy combatant† (Boumediene v. Bush). Some flaws the court points out is that the CSRT assumes that the detainees are guilty before the trial has even started and it is all up to the detainee to prove that they are in fact, not enemy combatants. This goes against the typical US court proceedings when all suspects are presumed innocent until proven otherwise. The bias shown by the members of the CSRT puts the detainees at a disadvantage. Furthermore, while many of the detainees have a limited knowledge of English, they are not given the specifics as to what crimes they are being charged with because the information may be classified. Additionally, with no textual evidence, the detainees often go into the CSRT board empty handed and without legal representation. Not only do the proceedings of the CSRT seem nfair, it also seems to be designed to intentionally make it difficult for detainees to secure their freedom. In closing, the Founding Fathers placed the Suspension Clause in Article 1, Section 9 in the Constitution. This is important because if the founding fathers specifically intended to apply the Suspension Clause to US citizens only, then they would have placed it in the Bill of Rights which are specifically reserved for the people to protect them against the government. Furthermore, the rest of the clauses in Article 1, Section 9 specifically state what types of activities that the Legislative Branch cannot do. Hence, the Suspension Clause, because of its placement, was intended to be a limitation upon the abuse of power by the Legislative Branch. Lastly, the principle of separation of powers came from the idea that each branch would be able to check one another (Checks and Balances). The Military Commissions Act (MCA) of 2006 was an amendment to the Detainee Treatment Act (DTA) which did not allow the Federal Courts to hear writs of habeas corpus from the detainees at Guantanamo Bay. The US Supreme Court decided that because the DTA was an inadequate substitution for habeas corpus, then the MCA annot strip away Federal courts jurisdiction to hear habeas corpus cases. The Military Commission Act of 2006 effectively stops the Judiciary Branch from doing its job therefore making the act or Bill unconstitutional. . So as I read and watch videos to acquire information I ask myself, Are not constitutionally correct? Detainees, Enemy Combatants, or POW should have the same fair and equal treatment whether it is on our soil or their soil. Presidential power, Congress and the Supreme Court should not rule on emotions, but on the principles that guide us as the â€Å"Greatest and most Powerful Nation in the world.

buy custom McCarthy Construction Company essay

buy custom McCarthy Construction Company essay One of the Companies that are not currently in my country is McCarthy Construction Company. McCarthy is a Construction Company that was founded in 1864 in the United States of America and is therefore one of the nations largest provider of construction services. It first started by building farmhouses. The Company is a pivotal partner that is involved in the building and construction of the countrys civil and industrial infrastructure. The companys portfolio is further marked with the construction of railways, key roads, dams and ports. The Company has been listed as one the leading construction Company in United States. If the company was to enter into my country with a view of taking construction contracts, then it is vital for it to change its business model in order to succeed in its business. With the globalization of markets as well as production, it is essential for the company to evaluate its international strategy when entering new markets through the use of various options. In order to compete on the global arena, the company will have to change its business model through employing and implementing the 3As strategy in order to succeed. This refers to Adaptation, aggregation and Arbitrage. The use of Adaptation by McCarthy Construction Company when entering a new market in my country will be aimed at boosting the companys market share and revenues through maximization of the companys local revenue. Adaptation will also enable the company to adapt towards the different cultures of the societies that it has established in their operations making it easier for it to make sales locally. This will be done through the creation of local units responsible for handling the supply chain in each of the national market. In addition, McCarthy Construction Company, as it seeks to enter into a new market in our country will have to use aggregation as a strategy for its expansion. This will ensure that the Company make attempts at delivering economies of scale through c reation of either regional or global operations which will involve standardization of services or products grouping and offering together with the production and development process. McCarthy Construction Company will have to make the necessary changes in its business model when entering the new country and market through application of arbitrage. This will involve the exploitation of existing differences between regional or national markets through the location of separate parts in the supply chain that is prevalent in different places. McCarthy Construction Company will therefore be obliged to choose one or more of the 3 major strategic options of Aggregation, Adaptation and Arbitrage because they are associated with different types of organizations. However, McCarthy Construction, as a company must place major emphasis on Arbitrage because being functional and vertical, it will put explicit attention towards the balancing of demand and supply across and within organizational boundaries. Business leaders in the company should therefore figure out the elements which will meet McCarthy Construction Companys needs and accordingly prioritize them (Ogbor, 2009). In conclusion, the entering of McCarthy Construction Company in my country and the subsequent changes that will be made by the company on its business model will either break it or make it to succeed. If the changes made to the companys business model are carried out positively, it is definite that the company will succeed in its business endeavors in the country. However, if such changes on the companys business model are not done carefully, then it is obvious that it will be difficult for the company to succeed in my home nation. In order to succeed, the company should therefore ensure that the new elements meant to change its business model become good organizational fits and focus is placed on either one or two of the three As. The McCarthy Construction Companys Business Model should therefore be done carefully and strategically with a view of enabling the companies succeed in its business career in the new country. First Solars Multinational Business Context (Technology, Competition, Markets e.t.c) and its internal resources First Solar was founded as a glass company by Harold McMaster who was a glass genius. The company is known for changing the way through which the world is powered through creation of sustainable solutions of solar energy. Technology The current photovoltaic industry was categorized into two technological camps namely: those that believed in the achievement of lower costs through the application of high efficient but high costs cells and those that believed in low cost, moderately efficient solar aimed at reaching these goals. First Solar therefore made use of much cheaper glass commodities to back its cells instead of making use of high-cost c-Si that was ultra pure. Only a small amount of expensive semiconductor material which was light-converting was used to coat the cells. First Solars Market Strategy First Solar, during ts first decade of operation depended on markets having large current subsidies in order to sell its modules. Subsidies were the only channel of encouraging investment in technology because solar had not yet been cost competitive with generational conventions. Shifting towards sustainable markets that supported the demand of PV solar with economic fundamentals and transition became the long term plan for First Solar as a company. Experience curve learnings were provided through subsidy markets which allowed the company to increase their competitiveness in relation to conventional generation. Scaling up enabled the companys cost to drop fast (Winslow, 2011). First Solar Started talking openly about its intentions of pursuing sustainable markets and transition in 2009. For the company, transition markets are those with a light subsidy like for instance the ITC in the United States together with favorable conditions for generation of solar. These transition markets resulted in high cost applications and competition in PV solar costs having peak loads. On the other hand, sustainable markets regard those ones which needed no subsidy and whose conditions are favorable enough to manufacture PV solar costs at competitive prices and conventional generation. The application of this strategy by First Solar was different with that of its competitors who sought their expansion by growing within the existing subsidy markets. First Solar was therefore capable of accessing markets with the lower price points as compared to its competitors because of its superior cost position in the industry. First Solar attained a sustainable competitive advantage over its rivals because of the downstream integration. The company was able to maintain profitability even though the United States Solar market matured to the extent that the company could no longer find it necessary for it to participate in EPC and development to drive the volume growth. The use of the integrated model by First Solar abolished conflicts as well as helped the company achieve all its benefits. How First Solar should use home base, portfolio, hub, platform, and/or mandate approaches as options for its multinational business structure in the next decade First Solar should use a Homebase approach in its multinational business structure by establishing a base of its major operations or headquarter to enable it coordinate its business from both local and international chains. This will enable the company be better placed in addressing the challenges facing its branches in various parts of the world. The creation of a home base will serve as an office or administrative centre for the company. First Solar should also use portfolio management to make decisions regarding policy and investment mix, match its investments to objectives, asset allocation for institutions and individuals and to balance risk against the companys performance. The company should therefore use portfolio management to ascertain its weaknesses, strengths, threats and opportunities in order to maximize returns. In order to establish a good multinational business structure, First Solar should establish a hub, or a city in which its major operations or facilities should be housed so that the companys operations are efficient. The company should also use relevant platforms like facebook, Google, Windows Mobile, twitter and other social networking to market its products. This will help the company to manage and deploy its range of products in a competitive manner. Platform strategies will also enable the company to achieve generation and innovation of new revenue growth through leveraging of existing modules, brands and sub-system technologies. Anatina Toyss Value Chain and Key Competencies Since the year 1949, the Anatina Toys is known to have manufactured close to 400 billion tiny tyres, plastic bricks and inter-compatible play pieces making it to become the fifth largest toy maker in the world. In 1992, the group was able to achieve remarkable success by attaining or capturing 80% of the United States toy market. However, from the year 2001 to 2004, the group underwent significant financial difficulties because of internal problems and adverse industry changes. As a result, the group has launched a turn around strategy aimed at the establishment of a profitable core platform to prepare the Group for growth. Further, the company aims at using the best offshoring or outsourcing in order to increase the company profits (Ireland, et al, 2008). Despite the fact that ANATINA TOYS brand is a unique resource in the Group, the Groups former portfolio which was horizontally integrated did not become the best alternative strategy of leveraging the Groups name. Key themes are run known to run through the Anatina Toyss changes to its value chain. This is through changes in the Companys Sales, Marketing and Product Generation. The Company refocused on its brink products in order to differentiate itself from its rivals with lower quality. Through making relevant changes in manufacturing and distribution, the Company was able to drive its costs down in order to move closer to the Groups effiiciency frontier. Anatina Toys has been successful in pushing for Willingness to Pay Volume and Cost through refocusing on the companys core competency of marketing and developing creative products while cooperating simultaneously with its partners across the companys Value Chain. In order to augment the companys position in the industry as a premium toy brand, Anatina Toys has established a long term operating margin for Manufacture, Distribution, product generation and generation sourcing. Good performance was sustained in LEGOs single product through building the companys value chain and thus greatly enabled it to succeed. The Anatina Toys, having a production of about 24 billion annually, rationalized sourcing using economies of scale together with the opportunity of drastically reducing production complexity through targeting large sub-contractors. A decision was made that Production was to be outsourced to various partners. For instance, most of the products were outsourced predominantly to Flextronics. Flextronics, which was a leading multinational company dealing in electronic manufacturing services and based in Singapore became Anatina Toyss biggest partner in production that was undertaken. The outsourcing and offshoring services offered by Flextronics did not satisfy or meet the needs of Anatina Toys and thus the company withdrew from the deal. However, at the end, ANATINA TOYS was not satisfied with the effectiveness offered by Flextronics in the facilities that were outsourced. It was learnt by the company that even though outsourcing looked liked the best solution towards their problems, it was later ascertained that this was not to be. LEGOs production Value Chain is based on the Development function, Molding, Development of Molding Machines, Pre-pack, assembling, Post-pack and distribution. Given the three stages of Anatina Toys Outsourcing or offshoring, there is need for the company to adopt the best outsourcing/off shoring functions that will enable the company to achieve maximum profits. The challenges encountered in the Pre-Flextronics, during Flextronics and in the Post-Flextronics eras should serve as a lesson for the Anatina Toys to select the best outsourcing/offshoring functions of the value chain. This will ensure that Anatina Toys achieves its business targets and increases its profitability. For a start, the company should back source the plants that were operated by its Strategic partner-Flextronics and maintain its relationships with a small number of its smaller external suppliers. This will enable faster and easier distribution of its products towards the intended markets thus increasing the companys productivity. However, the company should be ready to overcome some of the challenges that may arise as a result of adapting the new methods of outsourcing. Among some of the possible challenges that may arise includes optimization and stabilization of operations during the various stages of transition. The company should also be capable of predominantly balancing the internal supply capacity with the Groups market demands. Overcoming such challenges will make it possible for the company to get the best partners for offshoring or outsourcing its products and services. Anatina Toys should apply the district forms of global strategy of the three As of Adaptation, Aggregation and Arbitrage in order to succeed in its business activities. By maximizing the Groups local relevance, the companys market share and revenue will be greatly boosted. This can be achieved through creating of local units or branches in each of the companys national market to carry out the task of supplying. This strategy should be used by the company as it starts its new expansion strategies beyond their markets based in home. In order to achieve economies of scale and therefore ensure that the best outsourcing channel is selected, attempts should be made to achieve economies of scale through aggregation. This will involve the standardization of Anatina Toyss service or product offering together with the production and development process. In addition, Anatina Toys should also exploit the differences between its regional and national markets when selecting the best methods of out sourcing or offshoring. This will involve the location of various parts of the supply chain located in different places of the Groups operations. Through the use of the AAA triangle, Anatina Toys will be having a clear strategy for its managers and thus be better placed in choosing the best strategies for outsourcing or offshoring. The percentage of sales that is spent on the companys advertising costs will be an indication of the importance of adaptation for the company while the percentage that is incurred in R D will serve as a proxy for the importance that aggregation has on the Anatina Toys. The importance of arbitrage is gauged through the percentage that is spent on labor. The Anatina Toys should therefore strive at achieving best production and distribution standards and select best outsourcing and offshoring partners which will ensure that the company is driven towards greater heights. Buy custom McCarthy Construction Company essay

Small essays

Small essays The Dead Sea is known for its high salt concentration which inhibits life for most organisms. The high salt concentration damages the organisms DNA by depriving the cell from the water they need to keep the structure of its double helix, leading to a faulty DNA strand which causes the cell to malfunction or die. It has been discovered that a tiny critter from the Dead Sea is teaching scientists new things about biotechnology, cancer, possible life on other worlds. Scientists believe that the tiny organism known as Halobacterium may be the solution to protect astronauts from space radiation which damages to the cells DNA. After the discovery of Halobacterium, NASA has funded researchers at the University of Maryland to conduct a series of experiments to test the microbes ability to reconstruct its DNA. The microbe was exposed to several types of hostile environments that have totally fragmented its DNA, and the organism has put back in working order its complete chromosome within several hours. The leader of the University of Maryland research team, Jocelyn DiRuggiero, began a number of experiments on the microbe trying to reveal its DNA repair machinery. The little organism was exposed to intense UV radiation (UV-C 254 nm), under which most organisms such as E. Coli would not survive, yet 80% Halobacterium survived and went on proliferating. Other experiments included exposing the bacterium to a vacuum environment simulating the vacuum of space. As water evaporated and salt crystals were left behind, the bacterium was trapped inside the crystals in a semi-dormant state. It was found that the bacterium could live in a dormant state for long periods of time until it was dissolved back in water. At the Institute for Systems Biology in Seattle, scientists have access to a tool known as the DNA Microarray, where they can observe the mechanisms involved in the DNA repa ...

History Revisited essays

History Revisited essays There are three strong similarities between the Salem witch-hunts that appear in The Crucible and the exposing of communists by the McCarthy terror. These three similarities are the accusation of innocent people, the power of Danforth and McCarthy, and the fear of individuals in Salem and in the United States. During the Salem witch trials, one could accuse an innocent person of being a witch without any evidence. As a result, if people denied they were witches, then they were executed. If individuals agreed and confessed they were witches, then they would not be hung. Many people compare these witch trials of Salem to the United States in the 1950s. During this time, Joseph McCarthy was a United States Senator. McCarthy was possibly the strongest anti-Communist in the United States congress. Many people during this time were accused of being communists or even sympathizing for them. As a result, if individuals refused to answer certain questions, then they were treated as if they were guilty and were excluded from certain jobs. Danforth and McCarthy were both powerful people of their time. Danforth was the Deputy Governor of Massachusetts. He presided over the witch trials and was just as concerned about maintaining his image as he was about exposing sin. McCarthy was an American politician. He was an incredible person whose mere presence could be overpowering. He held public hearings in which he accused army officials, members of the media, and public figures of being Communists. His charges were never proved and in 1954 the Senate censured him. Due to lack of hard evidence, the hunt for Communists ended abruptly just as the Salem witch trials. McCarthy and Danforth were both overpowering and zealous in their pursuit. The people in Salem, Massachusetts did not feel safe or secure. Fourteen women and five men were hanged. Many people confessed to being witches so they would n ...

Article Comparison Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Article Comparison - Research Paper Example but their approaches markedly differ from each other; the first article to be mentioned here more or less is theoretical in its treatment of the subject while the second article is more on application. Along this vein, I find the article written by Professor Barry Boehm to be complete and comprehensive on this topic. It presents a solid background on the underpinnings and history on the progressive development of software engineering over the years. The said article presents the subject matter in a clear, precise and simple way for both experts and non-experts to understand. The methodology is better and the conclusion sounder compared to the next article in this paper. This is because the writing style appeals to a much broader audience of readers but still was able to present enough technical details for people to grasp the significance of future developments. People are rightly concerned what effects if ever a large-scale malfunction or a system collapse that is software-induced will have on the entire world (Barry, 2006, p. 20) between now and the year 2025. Utter chaos will surely ensue and the consequences border on the nightmarish. Barry has very wide views of the entire hi story and the theory behind each major milestone in software development; solid grounding in theory is a prerequisite before one attempts something. It is like how the atomic bomb got invented from the earlier theories developed by theoretical physicists. Prof. Barry further enlivened his essay with a prognosis of a world â€Å"flattened† by software. On the other hand, the second article by authors M. Brambilla et al. would appeal more to the technically-oriented people like software engineers and software programmers than ordinary people. It is an excellent paper but is highly technical; it can be compared to looking at the trees rather than the forest and concerned more with the aspect of practical applications. In a sense, the article by M. Brambilla et al. is written in a more

Research Paper on Employment Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Research Paper on Employment Law - Essay Example Firstly, my paper endeavours to explain the concept of dispute between employer and employee; and the reasons that cause them. Next, the intervention of Employment Law and the existence of the Employment Contract is explained, in the context of the rights and duties prescribed to the employers and employees. Further, moving on to Collective Dispute and Bargaining, a clear distinction is brought about between the concept and that of Individual Dispute and Bargaining, with reference to the Employment Law. The paper attempts to point out that the Employment Law has supported Individual Bargaining. A final conclusion supporting the fact that the Law succeeds in supporting the resolution of Individual Disputes and Bargaining to a greater degree, than that of Collective Bargaining. It is but natural that when numerous individuals come together with different sets of values and temperaments. More importantly, it occurs between employers and employees due to varied reasons, such as difference in viewpoints and opinions, expectations, terms and conditions; and the output generated. Here is an analyses of the varied causes that could lead to the employer-employee dispute and conflict. Poor Communication: One of the prime causes for the disputes that arise between employers and employees, is poor communication. When one or both the parties are not explicit or detailed and clear in their expression of a certain idea or expectation, it perhaps does not reach out to the other party. Thus, when a task or a certain order is not completed as desired due to miscommunication, it can cause disputes. For instance, when the company policy is not spelled out in detail and when the employee goes against the provisions, it can cause quite a ruckus within the company. This is also seen in the case of rather vague and ambiguous clauses in the Employment Contract, which is explained later in the paper. This can cause good amount of chaos. Resources: The resources provided in an organisation could not be up to the expectations, which could be another cause for a dispute. The scarcity or lack of resources and the prevalence of improper working conditions could trigger off a dispute. For instance, long working hours and going beyond the maximum of 48 hours per week, without optimum payment could be an the cause for an impending dispute. Differing Interests and Values: Another potent cause for the employer-employee dispute could be the differences in perception or comprehension; due to a variation in the vision of the final outcome or the interest vested by both parties in

Register Nurse interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Register Nurse interview - Essay Example According to the RN, the use of interpersonal communication in the nursing practice takes into account the personality and character traits of the communicating parties. Communicators, the message, feedback, context, and channel (West & Turner, 2007) are the elements that the RN attributed to interpersonal communication process. The use of these elements in the nursing practice allows information to be collected and given relative to the underlying need, issue, or concern between the registered nurse and the patient/client. In my future career as a registered nurse, interpersonal communication will be expected to enhance my duty and responsibility discharge. Interpersonal communication will essentially enhance attitude and behavior influence, maintain professional relationships in the nursing setting, enable personal expression and understanding of nursing needs, foster emotional support, enhance decision making and problem solving, and regulate power (Bach & Grant, 2011). In the light of the aforementioned expectations, my career as a registered nurse stands a chance to be effective and efficient. The interview was an eye-opener to what is expected of me in the nursing

Addiction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Addiction - Essay Example Supporters of this model feel that drug abuse is a crime which should be heavily punishable as the individual who chooses to do drugs, does so by his own free will (Rose, 2010). According to the disease model of addiction, drug addiction can be seen as a progressive disease which is irreversible and unique in nature. The supporters of this model can be seem to be of the view that addiction and alcoholism is some thing that cannot be cured. However, they do argue that a limit can be placed onto such activities by making the addict stay away from the drug or substance that he is addicted to. The psychological model of addiction on the other hand argues that being dependent on drugs and other substances comes from having abnormalities or certain negative characteristics in the nature of the addict himself. Supporters of this view argue that such druggies are owners of what is referred to as an â€Å"addictive personality†, having no control over their own wishes and their personality, having extremely low self esteem and being unable to cope up with tension and stress (Society for the Study of Addiction to Alcohol and Other Drugs,

Physics homework Math Problem Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Physics homework - Math Problem Example Thus as boat 1 is displacing more volume of water than boat 2, it has a higher buoyancy force subjected upon it. Clearly, this is evident from the fact that boat 1 is afloat whereas boat two is sunken. 2. The volume of the given ice cube of 10cm dimensions is 1000cm3. It is given that when the ice cube is floating in pure water, 1cm of it is sticking up above the surface of the water. This shows that the weight of the water displaced by the 9cm thick portion of water is equivalent to the weight of the ice cube. The 9cm thick portion has a volume of 9cm*10cm*10cm i.e. 900cm3. The weight of 900cm3 of pure water is equivalent to 1000cm3 of ice. If we suppose the density of liquid water to be 1g/cm3, then we have 900g of liquid water equivalent to 1000cm3 of ice. This gives us a density of ice as 0.9g/cm3, which is approximately equal to the real value of density of ice (~0.91g/cm3). When the excess 1cm thick part is cut off, the remaining portion of ice has a volume of 900cm3. The weigh t of 900cm3 of ice is 0.9g/cm3*900cm3 i.e. 810g. Now, for liquid water, the volume of water that needs to be displaced to have the same weight as that of the ice is 810cm3 (810cm3*1g/cm3 = 810g). This means that only 810cm3 of the total 900cm3 of the remaining ice will get immersed in water. The rest 90cm3 volume will remain above the water level.

Architectural Detailing Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Architectural Detailing - Coursework Example This partnership will ensure that the Centre does meet its objectives and goals. Below is figure 1 of the plans for first and ground floors of the Centre: Shakespeare House Community Centre was established in the year 2007. After its establishment, the Centre strived to offer sustainable services because of the onset of the Credit emanating from the capital to the voluntary sector were terminated drastically. However, Shakespeare House was capable of leveraging the Centre to offer its finance via Centre-based services. There has been little improvement of the metropolis due to the funds invested. The insufficient funds made the Centre’s facilities develop gradually although organically (Allen & Rand, 2006). However, the underlying trustees have agreed on a new 5-year lease with the owners who predict a long-term utilization of the Centre by the community. Advancement Plan was adopted by Trustees of Shakespeare House Community Centre at the Trustee meeting offering a mandate for the construction of the mosque (Allen & Rand, 2006). The University of Sanford’s Council is committed to the project for the long-term. Moreover, the focus is mainly to ensure that the Centre provide high-quality complete services that replicate the requirements of the local Centre. The Kitchen within the old design has been altered from 29 m2 to 32 m2, which is adequate for the kitchen counters. Kitchen counters are to be fitted around the kitchen. The kitchen has to have a food storage room. The kitchen also has to have adequate space for the movement the kitchen staff. The new design garden is fitted with a walking path all around the house to enable guests to walk around the house quickly and easier for wheelchair users to go outside. The food growing area has a tool room for keeping the tools and equipment’s safe. The multipurpose space will have a new extinction of 106-m2 room. Three rooms will separate the multipurpose space. These three rooms will be next to

Addiction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Addiction - Essay Example Supporters of this model feel that drug abuse is a crime which should be heavily punishable as the individual who chooses to do drugs, does so by his own free will (Rose, 2010). According to the disease model of addiction, drug addiction can be seen as a progressive disease which is irreversible and unique in nature. The supporters of this model can be seem to be of the view that addiction and alcoholism is some thing that cannot be cured. However, they do argue that a limit can be placed onto such activities by making the addict stay away from the drug or substance that he is addicted to. The psychological model of addiction on the other hand argues that being dependent on drugs and other substances comes from having abnormalities or certain negative characteristics in the nature of the addict himself. Supporters of this view argue that such druggies are owners of what is referred to as an â€Å"addictive personality†, having no control over their own wishes and their personality, having extremely low self esteem and being unable to cope up with tension and stress (Society for the Study of Addiction to Alcohol and Other Drugs,

Architectural Detailing Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Architectural Detailing - Coursework Example This partnership will ensure that the Centre does meet its objectives and goals. Below is figure 1 of the plans for first and ground floors of the Centre: Shakespeare House Community Centre was established in the year 2007. After its establishment, the Centre strived to offer sustainable services because of the onset of the Credit emanating from the capital to the voluntary sector were terminated drastically. However, Shakespeare House was capable of leveraging the Centre to offer its finance via Centre-based services. There has been little improvement of the metropolis due to the funds invested. The insufficient funds made the Centre’s facilities develop gradually although organically (Allen & Rand, 2006). However, the underlying trustees have agreed on a new 5-year lease with the owners who predict a long-term utilization of the Centre by the community. Advancement Plan was adopted by Trustees of Shakespeare House Community Centre at the Trustee meeting offering a mandate for the construction of the mosque (Allen & Rand, 2006). The University of Sanford’s Council is committed to the project for the long-term. Moreover, the focus is mainly to ensure that the Centre provide high-quality complete services that replicate the requirements of the local Centre. The Kitchen within the old design has been altered from 29 m2 to 32 m2, which is adequate for the kitchen counters. Kitchen counters are to be fitted around the kitchen. The kitchen has to have a food storage room. The kitchen also has to have adequate space for the movement the kitchen staff. The new design garden is fitted with a walking path all around the house to enable guests to walk around the house quickly and easier for wheelchair users to go outside. The food growing area has a tool room for keeping the tools and equipment’s safe. The multipurpose space will have a new extinction of 106-m2 room. Three rooms will separate the multipurpose space. These three rooms will be next to

Biodegradable Plastics Essay Example for Free

Biodegradable Plastics Essay The properties of plastics are determined by the polymers that constitute the unit. Based on this, plastics can be modified into biodegradable products by varying the constituents synthetically. Their chemical structures vary due to the substituting polyesters in the polymer chain. Let’s study about the chemical differences and structure of green plastics; PHA and PLA. Amylose and Amylopectin are the major polymer components of starch. In the link structure, all identical chain points are connected to –CH2OH group. The oxygen in the ring structure chain facilitates degradation when reacted with water. Any hybrid variety can be produced with two components: renewable natural polymer (starch) and petroleum based synthetic polymer (PCL). †¢ Polylactide (PLA) is a bioplastic basically made from starch, the basic building material. Here lactic acid (CH3CHOHCOOH) is produced through fermentation where microorganisms convert sugar feedstock into lactic acid. The lactic acid thus isolated is depolymerized to lactide and by Ring-opening polymerization with catalysts it is converted into Polylactide polymer of high molecular weight. Based on the particle size, the rate of biodegradability and transparency varies. They find use in soluble fibers, compose bags and renewable products. †¢ Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) polymers are produced naturally by microorganisms directly from sugar feedstock. The polymer is isolated, purified and processed. These components can be controlled by varying the ratio of sugar feedstock. Synthesized PHA is copolyester composed of 3-hydroxy fatty acids hydroxybuterate, hydroxyvalerate and hydroxyhexanoate. In all PHAs the hydroxyl substituted carbon atom is steriochemical -R configuration. Since they are composed of short chain and long chain length –R groups, they are used for a variety of commercial applications. References Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2007, Pp 1437-1449 Stevens, E. S. , Green Plastics: An introduction to the New Science of Biodegradable Plastics, Princeton University Press, 2003

The Importance Of Record Management

The Importance Of Record Management A record is a transaction between individuals or institutions that is first documented and then stored on a specific repository for a given, or in some cases an unspecified amount of time. Records vary in their contexts they can range from court records to state information that a country holds about its citizens i.e. birth and death certificates. Records in the current day and age are usually stored electronically on databases. Records provide an organization or government institutions with the necessary proof of the interaction with its partners, in the case of organizations, or citizens in the case of the state. Why is records management important and who is responsible for managing records in an organization? Records management is important because it essentially provides an organization or any other entity with of proof of the transaction that they have entered into with another party. It is also important in the decision making or strategic part of an organization. Kept records prevent data anomalies or inconsistencies, this is key on the part of those making decision for the company, if a department within an organization has managed to keep good track of what they have done or have not done it becomes easier for them to make decisions based on those records. Everybody in the organization is partially responsible for managing records in the organization. Employees have a responsibility to make sure that all their transactions with external parties related to the organization are kept recorded and stored electronically. However, the records manager or information officer is tasked with managing the records for the whole organization together with his/her team. The records manager is also responsible for drawing up policies that articulate the aims of his/her department to the rest of the organization. This is to make sure that everyone within the organization knows how to handle information and is also knowledgeable on the legal and corporate standards associated with records management. Outline an electronic records management cycle. I have identified four phases to the records management life cycle, with the understanding that there possibly could be more that can be identified or less. The first being: Creation. This entails the part of the cycle when records are being created or being received. The second part is: Active Records: these are records that are needed frequently. They are retrieved at least one per or month or as frequently as weekly, so these types of records are stored on readily accessible databases. The third part is: Semi-Active/Inactive Records: Semi active records are not needed for day-to-day business. Organizations need to keep them for referrals for legal reasons, of for financial reasons. They are not used often enough to warrant or justify their being stored in primary record centres. Semi-active records are often stored at a lower cost in a records centre. The fourth part being: Final disposition: The final disposition is the action that takes place when records have no more value to an organization. This phase can include physical destruction of the records of transfer of the records to the custody of an external body. What do you see as user interactions with the records? The user of the records is in the first place a part of the creation process of a particular record. Their input to the process is the relationship they have with the organization. The degree to which they interact with the records depends on the context and meaning of the relationship to an organization. Users of course could range from customers to employees. Employeesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ interaction with record should include them maintaining the records that they have created and updating them if necessary. A customer to an organization interacts with his/her record when they need to consult the business about the transaction they had with that particular business. What is an ERDMS and what are the benefits you see ERDMS bringing to your organization? An ERDMS is an Electronic Records and Documents Management System that is used for managing and storing records digitally. It is used to effectively manage paper and electronic records and documents. The benefits of such a system can in oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s view be separated from individual to organization. For the individual it can mean a quicker and more convenient discovery and access to information. An improved administrative efficiency and effectiveness. It could also mean the facilitation of evidence based information decision making. For the organization it could translate into secure and systematic management of unstructured data such as emails, documents and spreadsheets. And also efficiency gains with improved quality and consistency of organizational processes. Another benefit that one sees for the organization making use of this system is that there can be an enhancement of a recordkeeping culture in other words this best practice can be institutionalized to the whole of the organization. There can also be a reduction in records lost, and reduction in legal liability to exposure. An ability to integrate core business applications with core business applications with the ERDMS can enable improved records capture through automation. List the ERDMS functionalities and briefly describe each functionality indicating its importance? Functionality (a): What is stored? On these systems electronic files such as word processing documents, spreadsheets, multimedia materials etc are stored. Functionality (b): What end users can do? End users can create new documents which may or may not be records. They can also save files with limited metadata related to business functions. Functionality (c): Access and use Users can retrieve stored files. They can also receive action files accordance with workflow processes and also edit files and select whether to save as a new version or ne w document Functionality (d): Disposal. The users of the files can delete them when they do not serve any corporate or legal purpose their department or the whole organization.

Old Time Walk and Run :: Personal Narrative History Athletics Papers

Old Time Walk and Run As I sit here at the first annual Bethlehem Six Day Extravaganza, I am amazed at the desire and energy these men and women have after five days of constant running. I would consider myself a good athlete, yet I would never be able to run such a long distance for six days straight. The amount of stamina needed to finish this race, to conquer the temperatures, distance, time, highs, and lows is incredible. These athletes have the support and admiration from so many people here to cheer them through this last day of running. Cheering for every runner that passes on the quarter-mile track, I wonder, how did these races begin? It was at Washington State Rink in 1874 where Edward Payson Weston attempted to successfully walk five hundred miles in six consecutive days. There were 6,000 spectators in attendance composed of all classes of society including the Mayor and the Chief of Police. It was almost necessary to alert the Newark police force and the militia to guard the soon to be prized and historic pedestrian. This was the third time that year that Weston was attempting such a feat. His first attempt was in 1861 where he tried to walk to the inauguration of Abraham Lincoln. He started at the State House in Boston on February 22 and finally arrived on March 4. This distance totaled 453 miles in 208 hours, but he sadly missed the inauguration by half a day. His career took off in 1867, and this began his professional career. He started this career by walking from Portland, Maine to Chicago, Illinois (1,326 miles) in twenty-five days. This earned him $10,000 as a reward for all of his hard work. This accomp lishment came with recognition from everyone, the newspapers would write about Weston everyday and what he has done for the United States. "This walk made Weston a household name." Weston continued to walk on, breaking the world record in New York where he walked 100 miles in 22:19:10. Yet, with all of his successes, he failed numerous times at feats that he worked hard to conquer. Soon to be named "The father of modern pedestrianism," Weston was able to walk with the mayor during one of his six day walks. When Weston walked, he "dressed in black velvet knee-breeches, with ruffled white shirt and black leather leggings reaching to the knee.

nuclear bomb history :: essays research papers

The United States stored nuclear weapons in 27 countries and territories around the globe during the Cold War, according to "Where They Were," the cover story in the November/December issue of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. The article, by three noted nuclear weapons analysts, is based upon a newly declassified Pentagon history released under a Freedom of Information Act request originally filed in 1985. During the Cold War, 18 sovereign nations and nine former or current American territories or possessions hosted U.S. nuclear weapons. Today, the United States is the only nuclear power that deploys nuclear weapons overseas. U.S. bombs remain stationed in Belgium, Britain, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands and Turkey. "We can now fill in many gaps in the history of the arms race and the Cold War," says Robert S. Norris, a Natural Resources Defense Council senior analyst and a co-author of the article. "Until now, there has never been official information on where, when, and what kinds of nuclear weapons were deployed overseas, and finally we have authoritative information about their presence in such surprising places as Japan, Greenland, Iceland and Taiwan." The authors also found that during the peak years in the early 1970s, the United States had more than 7,000 nuclear weapons in NATO countries in Europe, and more than 2,000 on land in the Pacific. A variety of naval vessels, including aircraft carriers, cruisers, destroyers, frigates and attack submarines, routinely carried another 3,000 nuclear weapons. Altogether, the United States deployed 38 types of nuclear weapon systems abroad. Germany was home for 21 U.S. weapon systems, which were first installed in 1955. Guam hosted 20 types and the Japanese island of Okinawa, while under U.S. occupation, hosted 19. William M. Arkin, a co-author of the article, points out that while historians knew that nuclear weapons were stored in some countries, they were unaware about others and knew nothing of the details. The Pentagon document, he says, fundamentally revises post-war nuclear history. "There isn’t a nuclear analyst alive who didn’t believe that the first U.S. nuclear weapons deployed overseas were sent to Britain," he says. "Now we know they actually went to Morocco first." Arkin also is the co-author of "Nuclear Battlefields" (1985), the first book to document the worldwide nuclear infrastructure. "Where they Were" is based upon the formerly top secret study, "History of the Custody and Deployment of Nuclear Weapons: July 1945 through September 1977," which was prepared by the Office of the Secretary of Defense in 1978.

Act 3 scene 3 is a Pivotal Scene In The Play Othello Essay

I have been studying the play Othello, written by William Shakespeare. As part of my coursework, I intend to analyze Act 3 scene 3 of the play as a pivotal scene. This lengthy scene is the most significant throughout the play, as it builds on previous events, and foreshadows events still to come. The leading characters within this spectacular and well written play are Othello: who is also known as â€Å"the Moor†, a black African prince living in a European, colour-prejudiced society, who is lead by Iago into thinking that his wife is unfaithful to him. Desdemona: Othello’s white Venetian devoted wife, however due to a cunning Iago, is suspected of infidelity and killed by her husband. Iago: Othello’s ensign (standard bearer), who deviously plants suspicion in Othello’s mind against his faithful wife. Cassio: Othello’s lieutenant, who is also manipulated by Iago, who wished for the position of â€Å"the Moor’s† lieutenant. Emilia: Desdemona’s maid and Iago’s wife, who is loyal to both her mistress and husband, however she is also killed due to her loyalty to her husband. Roderigo: A Venetian, who is also in love with Desdemona, but is systematically cheated by Iago, and Brabantio: Desdemona’s father, who is outraged when he hears of his daughter’s marriage to a black man. We first come across Act 3 scene 3 building on previous events when Desdemona reconciles Cassio and assures him that she will do everything she can to make her husband reinstate him to his former position as Othello’s lieutenant. â€Å"Be thou assur’d, good Cassio, I will do all my abilities in thy behalf.† This is the irony in her character that her sense of goodness will eventually be the cause of her death, as Othello starts to suspect her. This builds on Iago’s soliloquy in Act 1 scene 3, where he reveals to the audience that he intends to create suspicion in Othello’s mind that Desdemona is having a secret relationship with Cassio, that Desdemona is having an affair with Cassio, as she has no other reason as to why she has gone back on her promise. Othello’s quick decisive nature is revealed as he dismisses Cassio in Act 2 Scene 3, with a few words from Iago as to why Cassio became quarrelsome with Roderigo. â€Å"I know Iago, thy honesty and love doth mince this matter, making it light to Cassio. Cassio, I love thee, but never more be officer of mine.† Iago’s aim with this incident was to have a cause, for advising Cassio to seek Desdemona’s assistance, so that Othello’ suspicion of their relationship would extend, however now that he is also familiar with Othello’s nature, he builds upon it in Act 3 scene 3, knowing that it would not be difficult to lead Othello to thinking that his wife is unfaithful to him. Desdemona’s actions at the beginning of Act 3 scene 3, as she parts from cassio, builds upon Brabantio’s words of warning to Othello, â€Å"look to her Moor, if thou hast eyes to see, she has deceived her father, and may thee† As Iago sees Cassio parting from Desdemona, he prompts Othello, by saying â€Å"Ha! I like not that.† This instantly reminds Othello of Brabantio’s earlier warning. If she deceived her father, the man who had loved and cherished her all her life, what would stop her from deceiving her husband? From this Othello starts to play into the hands of Iago as he starts to suspect Desdemona, making him see the meaning of Brabantio’s words more logically. Iago’s devious character begins to unravel, as he informs the audience of his ‘reign of terror’ in his soliloquy, at the end of Act 1 scene 3. â€Å"Set on thy wife to observe† Othello’s trust for Desdemona totally vanishes throughout Act 3 scene 3, and through the manipulation of Iago. The view that he had that he had before of Desdemona, â€Å"Oh my sweet† is now a â€Å"Lewd Minx†. Due to his lack of knowledge about her actions his anger builds up and again we can see how Othello has been brainwashed. Othello becomes ignorant to the fact that Desdemona is his wife, as he is not willing to listen to her thoughts however he is adamant to know of Iago’s thoughts. He would normally see nothing wrong in Desdemona’s thoughts, but since Iago had made him begin to doubt he looks for confirmation of his wife’s infidelity everywhere. This shows the downfall of his marriage, as he has no faith left within his marriage and his wife. Iago puts his plan straight into action at the beginning of Act III scene iii when he and Othello are walking towards their wives. Iago notices Cassio walk away from them, so he uses this meeting to begin to convince Othello of Desdemona’s infidelity Othello tries to clear his own thoughts of Cassio, by questioning Iago, Othello: ‘ Indeed? ‘ Ay indeed. Discern’st thou ought in that? Is he not honest? Iago: , â€Å"†¦men should be what they seem†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This is ironic because Iago is preaching about honesty; however he himself does not know the meaning of the word honesty. Once Iago has told Othello he thinks men should be honest he begins to comment on Cassio’s honesty, â€Å"For Michael Cassio, I dare be sworn I think that he is honest† â€Å"why then, I think Cassio’s an honest man† It also creates the impression that Iago is reluctant to speak ill on the subject of Cassio who Othello thinks to be Iago’s loyal and true friend. Iago again uses repetition to taunt Othello, and urge Othello to question more. Iago uses this device to make Othello see Cassio as an enemy, and himself to be loyal, therefore he may become Othello’s lieutenant. Iago then advises Othello, to beware of jealousy, however this is ironic as Iago himself planted the seed of jealousy into Othello’s mind, but is also warning him. â€Å"O beware, my lord, of jealousy: It is the green eyed-monster which doth mock the meat it feeds on. That cuckold lives in bliss..† Iago is again reluctant to speak, as he does not tell Othello straight that his wife is having an affair. Iago mentions â€Å"that cuckold†, he is referring to Othello, as a cuckold actually meant a man cheated sexually by his wife, which he hints to Othello. However, Othello asks for proof as he stills think that she may be honest. Iago comments on the importance of a reputation, (which Othello has), â€Å"Good name in man and woman, dear my lord, is the immediate jewel of their souls†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. But he that filches from me my good name robs me of that which not enriches him and makes me poor indeed† Here Iago is threatening Othello’s reputation by saying that a reputation is everything therefore it is his duty to protect that reputation, that jewel, which may be stolen by Cassio. However, this is very ironic as iago himself is stealing the jewel, and destroying Othello and Desdemona’s reputation. After dropping all the pebbles, Iago, leaves Othello in a state of confusion, jealousy and hatred towards Desdemona, and Cassio. Othello is left alone and reveals in his short soliloquy his emotions and doubts; â€Å"Why did I marry..† From this soliloquy we can see that iago’s plan seems to be working as planned, as Othello doubts his marriage and love. Here we can see a complete change in Othello’s character, as at the beginning of the scene Othello is completely in love with Desdemona, but by the end of the scene Othello is left regretting the day he married her. Race and colour were an important issue in Shakespeare’s time, and especially in this play, as Desdemona a white Venetian woman chose to marry a black African prince. Desdemona was not attracted to many other men; however she Act three scene 3, is a pivotal scene as it builds on previous events which I have already explained, and also foreshadows events that later occur in the play, which I shall explain now. After Iago’s interference, Othello returns to his bedroom where he is complaining of a headache, â€Å"I have a pain upon my forehead here† Othello is being ironic here, as he has a headache but not that which Desdemona thinks, the headache is actually due to the false accusations of Desdemona’s infidelity. Desdemona tries to comfort Othello’s pain in his head, however as she is leaving the room with Othello she drops her handkerchief, that which Othello first gave to her. As they leave Emilia, (Desdemona’s mistress) is left cleaning their room when she sees the handkerchief, and keeps it. She gives the handkerchief to her husband Iago, who had been requesting for it, (unaware of Iago’s plan) in desperation of his approval, as he had never accepted Emilia full-heartedly. Iago was in need of the handkerchief as he knew Othello was not set to believe him without proof. This event foreshadows the destruction of Othello and Desdemona, as this later becomes evidence for what Iago had been saying about Desdemona and Cassio’s affair, and Othello’s suspicion is turned to doubt as Cassio is seen wiping his beard with it, deliberately presented by Iago. Othello (who is outraged) confronts Desdemona about the handkerchief in Act 3 scene 4. Othello demands for the handkerchief, but Desdemona does not have it. She explains to him that she has misplaced it, however Othello does not believe her. Desdemona unknowingly infuriates Othello more, as she again brings up the topic of reinstating Cassio. Othello’s speech is very short and repetitive, Othello: â€Å"Fetch me the handkerchief. My mind misgives† Desdemona: †¦..† You’ll never meet a more sufficient man† Othello: â€Å"The handkerchief!† Desdemona: â€Å"I pray, talk me of cassio† Othello: â€Å"The handkerchief!† As we see here, Othello’s speech is short, and the handkerchief is repeated three times, this shows his uncertainty about the whole situation. The green-eyed monster which was mentioned by Iago in Act 3 scene 3, foreshadows Othello’s jealous character throughout the rest of the play, as jealousy takes control of him. Iago continues to encourage Othello’s jealousy in Act4 scene1, as Othello overhears Iago deliberately teasing Cassio about some woman, whom Othello assumes to be Desdemona. In Act 4 scene 1 we see Desdemona explaining to Lodovico (a messenger), that Cassio is no longer Othello’s lieutenant, and that she thinks that Cassio should be reinstated, however Othello does not seem to agree, â€Å"..I would do much t’atone them, for the love I bear to cassio† Desdemona is showing her loyalty to Cassio’s friendship; however Othello is outraged with what she says, and what he had heard earlier, which results in him striking Desdemona. This shows Othello becoming the green-eyed monster, which Iago had already warned him of in Act 3 scene 3. Emilia was seen to be loyal throughout the whole play, to both her husband and mistress. This loyalty to her husband was the main cause of her death in the final act, as she gave the ultimate proof of Desdemona’s innocence to her husband, in desperation of his approval, and as he had requested for it, which shows that she was being loyal to her husband as she did exactly as he required. This one mistake, which was done unknowingly also led to her mistress’ death, as it was this one piece of evidence which could have saved her from her brutal death. The hatred we see towards Cassio in Act 3 scene 3 foreshadows Othello’s loss in friends, as cassio was a close friend of many others, therefore when Iago’s real character is unveiled in the final act, everyone takes Othello to be a very low person as he was manipulated by Iago, into thinking that his wife, who was in actual fact innocent, was being unfaithful to him. Roderigo who was also close to Othello was killed due to Iago. Desdemona’s murder was also caused due to the hatred towards Cassio, and this lead to the dismissal of his position, as everyone felt that Othello was not worthy of carrying out his job with respect. Othello’s friends, his wife and his reputation were his life, which he lost due to his insecurities, and manipulation by the deceitful Iago. In conclusion the fact that so much significant and crucial parts take place in Act 3 scene 3 proves that it is very important to the rest of the play, as it really starts to develop the plot and themes we have seen growing throughout earlier scenes. This is the scene when we see Iago has successfully manipulated Othello into believing that Desdemona has not been faithful to him, this is very significant to the rest of the play as it affects everything Othello feels and says from this point onwards. r. In Act III Scene 3 Iago convinces a man who loves his wife completely that she is having an affair with one of his most trusted subjects without using one shred of proof or any real basis. This is a man who can make the most innocent of people guilty and the most loved, hated. He uses many tactics to persuade Othello that Desdemona is cheating on him with Cassio, the reason, is revenge. Scene 3 is the most important scene to the rest of the play because it accelerates the plot. Othello is a black man in the play, of extremely high authority; he is a proud army general who is looked upon with respect by the state and many leading Dukes. He first comes across to the audience as being very composed and a gentle character towards others. However in Act III Scene 3, Othello?s character takes a dramatic transformation, from a loving, considerate man, to a man complete with hatred and full of energy for revenge. Our first impressions of Iago are that he is a very sly and cunning man. However in Act III Scene 3 we see the true extent of his evil nature and his manipulating skills. Iago is motivated by jealousy. Iago expresses anger and remorse that the learned Cassio is promoted to lieutenant above him by Othello. He considers himself much more worthy of the position because of his superior experience and expresses and intense desire to get his revenge on Othello. Iago tells the audience in one of his soliloquies â€Å"I hate the Moor†, and he shows his hatred of Othello in the opening scene of the play. Iago refers to Othello as â€Å"the Moor†, and makes many racist comments about him such as â€Å"Barbary horse† and â€Å"an old black ram†. However Iago uses many techniques to completely transform Othello?s character. Firstly, Iago plants seeds of suspicion in Othello?s mind, and continues to water and nurture them throughout the whole scene, until he has completely ruined Othello. For instance, Iago?s first words in Act III Scene 3 are: ?Ha! I like not that?. He is clearly trying to imply that something is going on between Desdemona and Cassio. He is doing this in a very sly manor. This clearly illustrates the fact that one of Iago?s techniques is to arouse suspicion. ?I know our Country Disposition well: In Venice they do let God see the pranks They dare not show their husbands; Their best conscience Is not to leave?t undone but keep?t unknown?. Here Iago plays on Othello?s insecurities. He makes a brief statement saying that Venetian women?s consciences don?t tell them that having affairs is morally wrong only that they must keep them well hidden from their husbands. Othello knows all too well that Desdemona is a Venetian woman and Iago is using this to imply that since Desdemona is a Venetian woman, what would excuse her from acting the way the majority do. The only reason this technique is so effective is because Othello does not come from Venice but instead a land far away. He feels like an outsider at this comment and knows little of Venetian custom and tradition. As Iago so boldly states he knows ?our country disposition well? and as far as Othello is concerned he is a trustworthy source of information.? ?Look to her, Moor, if thou has eyes to see She has deceived her father and may thee?. Iago says ?She did deceive her father marrying you, and when she seem?d to shake and fear your looks, she?d love them most?. This clearly means to remind Othello of Brabantino?s earlier warning. If she deceived her father, the man who had loved and cherished her all her life, what would stop her from deceiving her husband? The audience at this point suspect that Othello would be quite distraught at this proposition. By repeating certain words Iago also emphasises their meaning to Othello. ?Honest? is an important word because it is the centre of the conversation. Is Cassio honest? By repeating this word it may seem to Othello that Iago thinks he?s not. ?Think? could also be an important word. Think leaves no room for doubt, you are not certain he is honest. Iago later behinds to hold back his thoughts and lets Othello try to dwindle him down into saying them. By Iago playing this sly game, it makes Othello more intrigued to know his thoughts; he uses Othello’s curiosity against him. Another technique Iago uses to warn Othello is jealousy. ?Oh beware, my lord, of Jealousy, It is the green-eyed Monster which doth mock the meat it feeds on?. Whilst pretending to maintain his integrity by not telling Othello, Iago now releases monster. He had said nothing that would indicate that Othello should have reason to be jealous, but by warning him now of jealousy, he suggests that there may be something about which to be jealous. Iago does this to show his pretence companionship towards Othello, as if he’s looking out for him when really it’s quite the converse. This however builds great tenseness towards the audience because the audience don?t know what Othello is thinking right at this moment due to the fact that Iago has planted the seed of jealousy into Othello?s mind leaving him confused. One of Iago’s final techniques in undermining Othello’s trust in Desdemona is his use of imagery to ‘sicken’ Othello. Iago uses images of â€Å"goats† and â€Å"monkeys† to represent Cassio and Desdemona and describes them having a sexual relationship together. Iago also is using this speech to think of a way that he can prove to Othello that Cassio and Desdemona are in fact involved in a sexual relationship together. Iago also is using this speech to think of a way that he can prove to Othello that Cassio and Desdemona are in fact involved in a sexual relationship together. Some may describe Iago as ‘Wasting time’ here and planning what he will do and say to Othello next. Iago ‘cooks up’ the perfect plan, this involves Cassio sleep talking. As Iago has Othello’s full trust, Othello does not even consider this not to be true. Iago confesses to Othello that â€Å"in sleep I heard him say ‘Sweet Desdemona’. Iago also tells of Cassio’s sexual advance on him to further anger Othello. Iago has now given Othello the perfect evidence and as Othello now trusts Iago completely he will believe it. The last dramatic device which Iago uses to make Othello feel even worse is add the handkerchief into the agenda. He comments on a handkerchief which he has seen in Cassio’s lodgings, Iago also gives Othello the picture of Cassio using this important gift and family air loom to Othello, also his first gift to his wife Desdemona to â€Å"see Cassio wipe his beard with†. This image angers Othello completely. However this will be a time of great tension for the audience as they wait with bated breath to see what will happen next. They will reflect on how cruel the torturer is being to his victim and be fascinated but appalled by how clever Iago is ?having everything planned so neatly. They would very much want Othello not to jump to conclusions. This is where Act III Scene 3 abruptly ends, with Iago swearing to serve Othello in everything. The scene finishes with Othello declaring he will kill Desdemona and appointing his newfound companion Iago as his lieutenant: ?Damn her, lewd minx! O, damn her, damn her! Come, go with me apart. I will withdraw To furnish me with some sift means of death For the fair devil. Now art thou my lieutenant?. This ending is very unexpected and almost infuriating as it leaves the audience in shock because only they know that Othello is making the wrong decision, all due to Iago’s malicious and scheming ways. The scene is also quite upsetting for the audience, as the reality of Desdemona’s deliberate death is just around the corner, and they know she is the innocent, yet a condemned victim. Othello also instructs Iago to kill Cassio too, as in Othello’s mind Cassio is as much to blame as his dishonest wife; they are both works of pure evil. CONCLUSION The key moment in this scene where the audience knows for certain that Othello is convinced is when Iago belittles Othello and Desdemona’s relationship, regarding it in its most instinctive form, a sexual relationship. Othello however approaches it as serious and loving relationship, â€Å"? Nor to comply with heat the young affects in me defunct and proper satisfaction; But to be free and bounteous to her mind.† That is why the audience is particularly amazed that Othello resorts to animalistic images too. Othello refers to Desdemona as â€Å"haggard†, a hawk that cannot be tamed. He also refers to himself as a â€Å"toad†; this is a far cry from the man who stood in front of the Duke and other important men of Venice declaring his love. Shakespeare uses this technique to show us that Othello has lost his confidence and is no longer self-assured. As he becomes more and more angry his control through his speech begins to slip, no longer does he speak in long flowing sentences but now in exclamations, which hints at his loss of capability to loose his temper. He is also speaking in a similar way to Iago and this may symbolise that he has come to think in the same manner. These images show the audience the depth of Othello’s jealousy, the woman he loved he now criticize. However the most effective method that Iago uses to convince Othello of Desdemona’s infidelity is by using one of Othello’s most treasured possessions and telling Othello that his wife, Desdemona has given it away to her lover, Cassio. The handkerchief was the first gift he gave to Desdemona, so it possesses enormous sentimental value to Othello. Finding out that Desdemona has given it away shows her as inimical. It must have hurt and angered him, after all the woman he loves and is married to has given away without a care for him, would almost certainly anger him, for in Othello’s mind she has thought the handkerchief to be a meaningless piece of cloth. This is enough proof for Othello to be convinced that Iago is telling the truth and for him to kill both Desdemona and Cassio.